Human Growth and Development Adolescent Case Study an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Human Growth and Development: Adolescent Case Study Introduction essay Adolescence is the period between twelve to eighteen years where physical and psychological changes take place. In this stage, the adolescents begin to accept their physique and gender role, establish relationship with age mates, become emotionally independent from their parents and families, develop intellectual and social skills, and prepare for a career and family life. Need essay sample on "Human Growth and Development: Adolescent Case Study" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Human development is a continuous process. It does not end when a person reaches physical maturity. It continues throughout life. Developmental psychologists seek to describe and analyze the regularities of human development across the entire life span and focuses on those aspects of development that make us similar to one another (Atkinson, 1993). This paper will focus on the case study of an adolescent in relation to the cognitive, psychosexual, psychosocial, ego, and moral reasoning theories. Case Study Brian, a fifteen year old student was caught bullying his classmates and forcing them to give him their money. In the interview, Brian mentioned that he is involved with a group of teenage boys who has asked him to collect money to defray the hospital bills of one of their group members mother who was diagnosed with terminal cancer. When he was caught by school authorities, Brian blamed the societys failure to meet the medical and health care needs of the poor and he is only doing what is best for the sick and dying person. Brian is performing well in his studies and attends classes regularly. He is a basketball varsity player and has no record of using prohibited drugs. EssayLab specialists suggest: A Report On The Research Methods Of Uk Transport A Review On Thelma And Louise A Rose For Emily A Short Story By William Faulkner A Scientists Perspective On What Makes A Person A Human Being He however expresses his desire to live independently apart from his parents when he graduates from high school as they resent his relationship with his girlfriend. While in college, he aims to get a college varsity scholarship and a part-time job. When asked if he thinks it is right to rob money from others, he felt that what he did was wrong but he wants to be fully accepted by his friends. He also mentioned that his friends mother is going to die soon and he could not stand to see her suffer. Cognitive Development The progress in the cognitive areas for the adolescents usually accompanies the changes in physical development. Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development describes how people perceive, think and acquire understanding of their world through the interaction and influence of genetic and learning factors. Piaget believes that all people go through the same four stages, e.g. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages (Santrock, 1990). Each of these stages is more advanced than the preceding stage because it involves new reasoning and thinking abilities. From twelve years old through adulthood, a person is in the formal operational stage which is Piagets fourth cognitive stage. In this stage, an adolescent like Brian develop thinking and reasoning similar to typical adults. Brian encounters new worlds of abstract concepts and discusses hypothetical situations and problems. He discusses ideas such as freedom, unity and love, and become more adept at solving verbal problems and examining hypothetical situations such as What will happen if everyone will rob other peoples money? Psychosexual Development Sigmund Freud hypothesized that each of us goes through five psychosexual stages, e.g. oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages during which the inpidual seeks pleasure from different areas of the body associated with sexual feelings (Freud, 1990). For the Freudian perspectives, a persons personality is determined by ways in which he or she resolves the psychological conflicts during the psychosexual stages of childhood and adolescence. The genital stage is the period from puberty through adulthood when the person has renewed sexual desire that is fulfilled through heterosexual pleasure such as having relationships with members of the opposite sex. Brian has established a relationship with a girl even without the approval of his parents. If Brian successfully resolves the conflicts in each psychosexual stage, he would develop a loving, healthy and mature adult personality. Psychosocial Development Erik Erikson gave us eight psychosocial stages, e.g. trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and integrity versus despair (Erikson 1991). These theories are based on the hypothesis that inpiduals pass through stages in which specific types of conflicts are to be resolved and the way they resolve these conflicts will influence their adult personalities. In the period of identity versus confusion, the adolescent acquires a variety of new developmental skills. Brian has a realistic perspective of life as manifested in the plans that he has expressed when he goes to college. He is aware of the conflict between his parents and his desire to have a relationship with his girlfriend and resolves the issue by considering living independently apart from his parents. Brian is behaving recklessly as he bullies other schoolmates in order to be accepted by his group. Brians inner conflict is highlighted by his desire to please his friends and to help the sick and dying person. Brian has not left behind the carefree, irresponsibility and impulsive behaviors of childhood and he has not developed the more purposeful, responsible, planned behaviors of an adult. If Brian is unsuccessful in making changes, he will not develop a sense of confidence, values and a positive identity. He will also experience role confusion, which will result in low self-esteem and will become socially withdrawn. Ego Development Jane Loevinger has described seven stages of ego development, e.g. pre-social or symbiotic, impulsive, self-protective, conformist, conscientious, and integrated wholeness (Loevinger 1976). Loevinger claimed that some adolescents personalities reflect more advanced stages of ego development than some adults. The first two stages, pre-social and impulsive, are observed in childhood. The next stage, self-protective, is present in adolescents. These inpiduals tend to be manipulative, desire to protect themselves and follow rules only when it is to their advantage. In the fourth stage, the adolescent manifest a conformist character which is characterized by a desire to obey rules, to be accepted and to be happy. Those who have reached the fifth stage have the conscientious character. They are self-conscious, reflective, concern with self-respect and have their own standards of excellence. At the sixth stage, the person has an autonomous character, a strong sense of inpiduality and a desire to deal with inner conflict. At the integrated wholeness level, the person has reconciled inner conflicts, renounced unattainable goals and has a deep regard for inpiduality. Brian is in the self-protective stage as he blames the societys failure to offer proper medical and health care needs to the poor when he was caught bullying other students. He is also manipulative as he claimed to be doing what is best for the sick and dying person. He has not shown any ego traits that are expected in a higher level of ego development. Moral Reasoning Development Lawrence Kohlberg (1984) has classified moral reasoning into a three level, six-stage theory, e.g. preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Kohlberg claimed that everyone progresses through the levels in order, from lowest to highest, and not everyone reaches the highest level of moral development. Most adolescents are at the intermediate level which is known as the conventional level of moral reasoning. At this stage, the adolescent desires to live up to others expectation, to internalize societys standards and to fulfill their duties and responsibilities. In addition, they are more concerned with concepts like fairness and are able to empathize with other people. Before passing any judgment, they examine other peoples perspectives and are more concern with the welfare of the group instead of focusing on their personal gain. In the case of Brian, he is trying to live up to his friends expectations and fulfill his duties to his friends. He has shown concern with the welfare of other people but he has not thought about the consequences of his actions. At stage 3 in the conventional level, moral decisions are guided by conforming to the standards of others we value. At stage 4, moral reasoning is determined mostly by conforming to the laws of society. Currently, Brian is at stage 3 since he has bullied his schoolmates and got their money because that is what his friends expected him to do. If he is at stage 4, he might say that he should not steal the money because he would carefully thought of what would happen to society if everybody took what they needed. Conclusion Cognitively, Brians thinking and reasoning ability is similar to a typical adult. His relationship with his girlfriend and his ability to resolve conflicts in each of Freuds psychosexual stage will lead to the development of a mature personality. Brian lacks the psychosocial development that is expected of an adolescent as he remains attached to his peers and could not resolve the conflict between pleasing his friends and doing what is right. This is a manifestation of a low self-esteem and a carefree and impulsive behavior. However, he has taken the issue of the conflict between his parents and his desire to have a relationship with his girlfriend seriously as he plans to live independently after high school. When Brian was caught bullying his schoolmates, he did not confront his action and face its consequence. Instead, he blamed societys failure to offer proper medical and health care needs to the poor, a typical manipulative behavior in the self-protective stage of the ego development. Brians moral decisions are guided by his desire to please his friends and meet their expectations. He has not thought about the result of his actions and its negative effect to himself, to others and to the society. Bibliography Atkinson, R.L., R.C. Atkinson, E.E. Smith, D.J. Bem, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema (1993). Introduction to psychology. Orlando, FL: Hancourt Brace and Company. Erikson, E.H. (1991). Children and society. New York:W.W. Norton and Company. Freud, S. (1990). The psychopathology of everyday life. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: Essay on moral development. Vol.11. San Francisco: Harper and Row. Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego development: Conceptions and theories. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Santrock, J.W. (1990). Children. 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Communication, Inc.

Work Safety essays

Work Safety essays The International Labor Office (ILO) suggests that every year two million lives are affected due to accidents and illnesses related to work. Work-related injuries also cost the world economy around $1.25 trillion which is equal to $1,250,000 million US dollars. (Safety Culture at Work. Safety in numbers - Pointers for a global safety culture at work, 2003). In USA every year there are several people who are affected as a result of work-related injuries. And among them it is the teenage population who account for the highest numbers of work-related injuries. The teenagers are usually affected as a result of burns, falls and other accidents in most of the work-related injuries. Workplace chemicals can also affect them. There have been growing concerns that teenagers who are exposed to chemicals during work would generate reproductive disorders in their later life. It has been found by scientists that reproductive organs could grow and develop rapidly in those teenagers who are exposed to the dangers of chemicals at work. (Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States, 1998) And the immune systems of the teenagers would also be affected as a result of the exposure to the hazards of the chemicals. More than 1,000 teens in 1997 were found affected as a result of the exposure to chemicals by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (Safety Culture at Work. Safety in numbers - Pointers for a global safety culture at work, 2003). But a report of the National Research Council which was published in 1998 entitled Protecting Youth at Work' notes that the figures which were brought out by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics regarding the number of teens to be affected as a result of the exposure to chemicals was actually understate...

Advances in Transportation SLP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advances in Transportation SLP - Research Paper Example Today life without systems like London’s tube or Japan’s Shinkansen is unthinkable in a society where commuting between the home and workplace depends to a large extent on this form of transport. The 19th. century was an era of great technological advances. Perhaps none of these has had as far reaching an effect on the lives of people, as has the steam engine that led to the invention of the railway. The British used this invention to maximum advantage in their colonies, to expand business opportunities, ferrying local goods like spices, tea, coffee, rubber and cotton to the shipyards from where they were marketed to every part of the western world. The railways were used to carry the finished goods from factories to far flung corners of the world and allowed even farmers to sell their products further away from the regions where they were grown. This new means of transportation that ferried people as well as goods at speeds unmatched at the time by any other means of t ransport; was a boon, giving people a chance to explore new opportunities, to live away from their work places and above all to travel to far away places, that allowed them a glimpse of a world they had never seen before. As Nobel peace prize winner Sir John Boyd Orr remarked â€Å" After the First World War the economic problem was no longer one of production. It was the problem of finding markets to get the output of industry and agriculture dispersed and consumed.† (Boyd Orr, 1949) Railroads provided the solution to this problem by transporting finished goods to markets across the world. Huge public structure investment ensured that distances shrank and railroads began to determine the location and shape or size of new cities and towns. Joe Biden put it in a nutshell when he remarked â€Å"public infrastructure investment raises private sector productivity †¦.they literally are the veins and arteries of commerce.† (Biden, 2011) Railways brought economic prosper ity to people in towns and cities supplying them with every necessity - food, clothes, building material, fuel and access to markets. The railroad system resulted in a production boom; as resources and raw materials from one part of a country or continent were transported to far away factories, and finished goods marketed to every nook and corner that was now accessible through this new system of transportation. In Russia the Trans-Siberian Railway, gave an economic boost by facilitating agricultural exports from Siberia, to Russia and Europe. In Japan, the government promoted railways to cut down dependence on imported fossil fuels. Railroads have therefore been the backbone of the Japanese urban transport system and train stations formed the nucleus around which cities bloomed. Japan was the first country to have high speed rail and Japan’s business, economy, life and culture has been greatly impacted by the bullet trains that run at amazing speeds. High speed rail has beco me an efficient and convenient means of transport in Western Europe, and although this means of transportation has become popular throughout the world due to its efficiency and economy, Japan, China and Europe have the largest networks of high speed rail. It has however not taken off yet in the US. President Barack Obama in an effort to increase job opportunities in an economy that is yet to pick up after the down slide of 2008 remarked, High Speed Rail â€Å"will help accelerate job growth in an economy tha

How can cities become more sustainable Compare and contrast cities in Essay - 1

How can cities become more sustainable Compare and contrast cities in the developed world and cities in the developing world - Essay Example Most of these cities had less than one million population in the beginning of 19th century; that surpassed to more than 10 millions in subsequent periods causing great distress on resources of water, clean air, energy. Situation in some of the cities in developing countries such as Shanghai, Mumbai or Sao Paulo is different. The density of these urban centers is more than double of that seen in the London or New York. All these cities are growing at the rate of 2 to 6 percent per annum and likely to cause further stress on the resources and derail the ecosystem. If this continues, the sustainability of the cities is in jeopardy unless some new ways are found. Cities in the Developed World London, Paris, California, New York all have become the huge unrestrained consumption centers of cheap energy and profligate material supplies that has caused ecological imbalances in those countries. As mentioned by Rees, William (2009) in Scientific American in its March issue, â€Å"Politicians and planners have shaped cities with no regard for resource use or ecological concerns. Over the years building and infrastructure have consumed more than 40 percent of material and a third of energy.† He warns that all this must end. ... Rees is of the opinion that sprawling land areas for living increase the energy need by way of unnecessary transportation for work and shopping. Reliance on automobiles and cars should be reduced by providing path ways for cycling, and walking. Public transport system should be made efficient to avoid the use of personal vehicles. Recycling of used materials is a necessity and that should be done to lessen the use of fresh material so that natural resources can be conserved for a longer period of time. Cogeneration of electricity and waste heat recovery is need of a day to reduce per capita consumption of fresh energy. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the good propositions but the big question is that city like San Francisco releases 78 percent of its greenhouse gases from the cars and transportation and only 17 percent from buildings and this is true for all major cities of North America. The solution essentially lies at using mass transit system and eliminating the use of personal vehicles as much as possible. Personal vehicle density in most of the US cities is so high that this is a single most cause of green house gases across all major US and cities of Europe. And solution lies in reducing or eliminating the use of these personal vehicles that can help reduce the green house emissions drastically and put the eco system in balance. Cities of Developing World In contrast to the cities of developed economies, there are cities of developing countries such as Sao Paulo, Shanghai, and Mumbai, where issues are, more than green house gases, inadequate availability of potable water, absence of proper sanitation facilities to slum dwellers, and cleanliness. More than one million people is said to have been living in slum area within

Nuclear power Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nuclear power - Research Paper Example However, in 1789, Uranium was discovered by a German scientist named Martin Klaproth. In 1942, beneath the bench of a football ground at the University of Chicago, Enrco Fermi who was the noble prize winner with his group was working on an important project. They were on a mission to create first nuclear reactor (Armaroli, Nicola, and Vincenzo 1). Nuclear reactor was consisted of graphite (400 tons) and uranium (60 tons). ZIP was the main lever for stopping the experiment if any problem occurs. It was controlled by Canadian Physicist Walter Zinn. Fermi checked the increase in power and with the passage of time that found out that the objective was gained. They sent a private message to Washington that the nuclear energy had turned into a reality. The struggles of Canada’s scientific group were a victory and the nuclear reactor was constructed. The nuclear energy is discharged from atoms in two various methods: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Nuclear Fission works by dividing an unbalanced uranium nucleus creating nuclear power. This creates neat which bubbles water and makes stream. This steam changes turbines to produce energy. The difficulty is that after flaming is done, the remaining material remains radioactive for thousands of year. Nuclear fission is believed to be very sanitary form of power. It works by joining two nuclei to form a larger nucleus. Fusion gives power to bubble water and create steam to form turbines. Unluckily, Scientists have not yet been able to utilize nuclear fusion to create electricity because there are three necessary things needed for this procedure; extreme High temperature, two nuclei tha t will combine together and provide energy, the capability to store the energy (Murray, Raymond, and Keith 11) Thus, nuclear fission works basically on uranium but nuclear fusion utilizes tritium and deuterium, both isotopes of hydrogen which are considered as unconstrained sources of

High Divorce Rates in the Military

High Divorce Rates in the Military The research paper will briefly introduce the topic of research paper work specifically defining the key words. In the discussion part, the research paper will examine the reasons for high divorce rates in the military. The research will set out reasons for high divorce rate in the military especially those of marriage age, and the previous existence marriages. It will focus also on the race impacts upon marriage, which are the largest influences behind high divorce rate in the military. The paper will explain the sociological research findings, and sociological theoretical perspectives of high divorce rates in the military. The conclusion will finally summarize the causes of high divorce rates in the military basing them on sociological theoretical perspectives. Introduction Military people are those brave individuals employed by a government in the armed forces in order to take care of national security. Divorce is a final marital union termination, and cancelling a legal marriage duties and responsibilities, and dissolving matrimonial bonds between two partners. Research indicates that military men and women have high divorce rates in the military. Discussion There are wide ranges of cases in the last few decades that have risen within the marriage institution among the military populace. Early marriages leads to a short lasting period of familial stability than those enacted later on, in adulthood. An estimate of divorce rates shows that 48 percent of all initiated first marriages ends before a wife attains the age of 18 years. The first marriages of about 25 percent begin when female spouses attains at least 25 years old. Amongst divorce predictors, establishment of age at marriage is the most consistently indicative regardless of starting period of marriage (Hack, 2008). The issue of high divorce rates is a big question for the sociologists. Sociologists have studied vigorously in order to find direction and solid reasons that lead to high divorce rates in the military. There are more informed reasons and sociological theories attempting to explain the high divorce rates in the military (Crown and Karney, 2007). The highest rate of divorce in the military branches continues to be a worsening statistic compared to other careers. Many causes contribute to it. Inadequate time spent with the family is the leading cause. This is because most military personnel spend little time with their families. Military men and women also undergo divorce problem because of a lot time spent out in a war thus lack adequate time for their loved ones. This makes their partners to move away from such marriage in search of the partners who are ready to stay with them every moment. This contributes to another cause; poor communication. Families with poor or lack of communication, and those spending many hours in the work place have high chances of divorce. The spouses of military men and women have a tendency to become unfaithful when the former are far away from their families. When their partners discover this, they end up separating. More often than not, they finally end up filing divorce cases in the courts. With vital communication, military people can build solid block or lay well foundation basing on trust, loyalty, and love (Chall, 2001). The work involved in military is hard and needs full dedication as well as devotion. Because of this, most military people get to deal with the stress in fighting, and defending their countries. They encounter problems in handling divorces especially when the spouses are not even within the same country they are serving. Most military people try to handle divorce related stress through counseling available from couples who have encountered problems of separation for long periods (Hack, 2008). Another thing that can help them to reduce divorces rate is by ensuring that before they engage and marry, they should be ready for commitment. Strenuous jobs contribute to the increased rate of divorce. It is not only in the military divorce that the rates are rising up, but also in 50% of the couples doing strenuous jobs end up divorcing. The statistical research shows that the bigger percentages of married people working in the military have high divorce rates than other ordinary couples (Crown and Karney, 2007). In military, there is little time to rest and almost no time to socialize with family and friends. Therefore, military people should try to talk about their feelings with their families if they want to secure their marriages, and avoid chances of separation and divorce. Place of women in the society theory attempt to define and explain the role of the female gender in the society. It details how they have violated their roles. The place of women in the society is nowadays changing and is leading to high divorce rates. The military is neither spared. The role of woman has undergone modification and has become manly. Women are no longer watchers of the house, cooks, or cleaners, but they do the same roles that men play. Men dominance is now fading because they compete with women in places of work, and in almost all fields in the economies (Chafetz, 2006). The marriage question in the institution theory has it that social dynamics keeps on changing making marriage less meaningful than it was before. People no longer have respect to moral ideals. Mothers who are working nowadays are common in the military, and the marriage expectations are very different than they were, previously. It is no longer the responsibility of men to use their own income to support an entire family. This is because women can comfortably support them in household chores. Most communities have accepted this kind of changed arrangement. Therefore, divorce rates keeps on rising due to changes in the roles of women, especially those in the military (Sowers, 2006). Conflict theory better explains various phenomena that occur in the military. The conflict perspectives focus on a wide range of things for instance drug abuse, and extra-affairs. Abuse and affairs are justifiable in some extents, and is the most obvious reason for high divorce rates in the military. It is understandable that couples would not like to live with someone who causes violence in the family. Many couples consider divorce especially when they do not want to stay in a miserable marriage. This have an even bigger impact on children especially when their parents fight in front of them and it worsens when parents divorce. Children may feel unsafe, or lack parental love when of the parents walks out of marriage. Some military men abuse substances such as marijuana, cocaine, and laudanum thinking that they will make their minds function properly. These drugs finally end up causing addiction and the result is violence, or conflict in the family. The conflict theory attempts to refute the perspective of the functionalist explaining social problems in the military. This theory considers that a society function in order to ensure each group of persons play a certain role just like body organs (Sowers, 2006). Stress factor can be an enormous cause of marital difficulties in the military. Research indicates that money factor especially limited financial income leads to divorce. This is quite evident among junior enlisted personnel with children, and those on long-term deployment. Many marriage counselors are of the notion that money is the root cause divorce in military marriages (Crown and Karney, 2007). Some say society itself contributes to divorce cases, but more value placed on individualism, self-expression, self-realization, and choice of personnel are the main causes of increasing military divorce. In financial cases especially among enlisted junior personnel, divorces often occur because of separation of couples for a long time on multiple occasions. These problems can reduce incase there is allowance of shorter deployment periods to limit marriage issues and to better family life (Karen, 2008). Cultural theory traces back where early marriages were discouraged in the society. Research further indicates that, each year, cases of early marriages made between the ages of 15 to 19 are on the increase. Many young married couples often do not keep their original relationship together. High divorce in the military is increasing because of changes in the law. Over the decades, marriage institution earned respect, and there were rare divorce cases because it was illegal to divorce. Nowadays this has changed, and military people keep walking in and out of marriages because of non-restriction in marriage. Anybody can file cases of divorce if there are minor disagreements in a marriage. The sociological context in cultural theory places divorce in traditional society as something that deteriorated the society thus divorce rarely occurred. The present society has high divorce that result even from sexual problems in the family. Several couples in military are sexually frustrated. They are not having enough sex when their partners keep on spending long working time outside (Anderson and Taylor, 2007). Conclusion The high divorce rates in the military are explained well by sociological perspectives. These sociological theories have their premises on the behavior of human beings. They blame contrasting and dynamic features of social life in expounding on high divorce rates in the military. Cases of divorce in the military are increasing every time, and the research shows that the military, as an occupation, is leading in divorce. These perspectives put several reasons forth, and all seem to justify. Therefore, the causes of high divorce rates are multifaceted and are dependent on the nature of a given case.

Altering Human Genome Essay -- Eugenics Genetics Science Essays

Altering Human Genome â€Å"The gene pool could use a little chlorine.† -Bumper Sticker â€Å"Consider God’s handiwork; who can straighten what He hath made crooked?† -Ecclesiastes 7:13, from Gattaca â€Å"I not only think that we will tamper with Mother Nature. I think Mother wants us to.† -Willard Gaylin, from Gattaca With the scientific breakthroughs of the recent decades the humans have become more powerful than ever in their mastery of Nature. The genetic engineering that allows extracting and modifying the genetic makeup of the future person or animal is in a sense the power of Creation. According to the Genesis, we are created in God’s image. The power to modify our chromosomes not only presents to us the vast possibilities, but also burdens us with a plethora of responsibilities dealing with the ethical issues. Genetic engineering allows the scientists to advance their studies in the field of eugenics, a science that deals with the improvement of hereditary qualities of a race or breed. There are numerous people in the world that were born or will be born with a certain genetic defect. In the olden days of the purely physical of Darwinist survival of the fittest, such people would generally not fair as well as those without the genetic mutations or abnormalities. The diabetics used to lead a rather misfortunate and short life before the insulin had been discovered. Now, however, they flourish on par with the non-diabetics. â€Å"Since, however, they were not generally able to have children; these individuals were as genetically dead as if they had been stillborn† (Fabricated Man 4). Since then, the science had advanced and now the diabetic mothers can safely bring their offspring to life, thus potentially passing on the g... ... Boook Company, 1940 Garrigan, Owen. "Man's Intervention in Nature" New York: Hawthorne Books, 1967 Glasner, Peter. "Genetic Imaginations -- Ethical Legal and Social Issues in HUman Genome Research" Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1998 Hood, Kelves. "The Code of Codes" Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992 Ludmerer, Kenneth M. "Genetics and American Society" Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1972 Ramse, Paul. "Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control" London: Yale University Press, 1974 Links http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/MaeWanHo/newethic.html#p4 http://www.cbhd.org/resources/overviews/clonover.html http://www.iatrogenic.org/library/moralphysician.html http://www.consciencelaws.org/Examining-Conscience-Issues/ethical/Articles/Ethical19.html http://www.sciam.com/explorations/2001/021201humangenome/